Leading With My Chin By Jay Leno Essays - Jay Leno, Burbank

Driving With My Chin by: Jay Leno Jay Leno is a significant motivating man. Through his youth years was forlorn yet cheerful kid. He was constrained upon his folks to do certain things he didn't need, yet he did it until he was constrained in not doing it. Jay Leno had a silly life growing up and his undertakings despite everything rule with him. His most clever days were his youth. He was likewise secretive when he was around his companions. Jay Leno composed this book for some reasons. He needed to show the world that he originated from being no one worth mentioning from no place to one of the most notable individuals on earth. While composing this book Jay Leno described huge numbers of the absurd advances and stumbles that have driven him on what might be the unlikeliest of ways, from school grounds to Carnegie Hall to Las Vegas and, at last, the Tonight Show. Jay uncovers his in his healthy Andover, Massachusetts, the manner in which he grew up. He was the child of a Scottish mother, and an Italian dad. ?I'm crossbreed of the most peculiar sort: one section Scottish, one section Italian. The blend has neither rhyme nor reason. Since each side is couldn't be all the more oppositely contradicted.? His encounters with his folks are amusing like the time his folks facilitated a supper gathering, and little Jay should be snoozing, and he needed to cause a ruckus so everybody would be intrigued with him. Little Jay climbed and swung on the crystal fixture and afterward flew directly down in the center of the table. His folks flew him to the clinic where he needed to have his burst spleen, fixed. Despite the fact that the degree of the book is truly engaging, there is nothing extremely somewhere down in this book. He doesn't pass on numerous individual sentiments, doesn't babble or put any one down like Howard Stern. The unusual thing about his book is that Jay closes this book right when the story is appearing to get fascinating, right when he is going to present Tom Cruise on his show, and he is going to assume control over the Tonight Show. At the point when Jay was growing up his dad caused him to go to such exercises and sports, for example, football, baseball, the boy troopers, etc. Jay abhorred everything his dad caused him to do. His encounters of escaping these circumstances are crazy. Times, for example, the time his dad got him an angling rod post and Jay had a ground breaking strategy to satisfy his dad. ?The thought made me wiped out. At that point one day at school I heard a few children talk about getting a great deal of fish. I stated, ?where's a great deal of fish They stated, ?They're depleting this lake close to our home and there are for the most part these fish there!? I figured that if the lake is depleted, fish must flip around all over the place. How hard could this be The story winds up that the fish were spoiled and he came clean with his mom, while his dad thought they were going to have a fish supper that night. His mom discarded the fish and went to the market to get new ones, and his dad never saw the distinction. ?Presently, I never preferred joining gatherings, and the boyscouts specifically stressed me since you required to go to gatherings wearing outfits with shorts. What's more, more terrible a neckerchief! I was unable to have looked dorkier.? As you may see he wasn't into numerous exercises either. Everything that had happened to Jay Leno needed to occur for an explanation or, more than likely he wouldn't be the individual he is today. The things that transpired were mind blowing however here and there it became alright and made him the manner in which he is today. All through the book, Jay composed a lighter side to Leno, instead of the All-American picture we see on TV As Jay clarifies in the book, it comprises essentially of short, funny scenes as he stirs his way up through he positions as an outstanding comic. In perusing the record, we see that he genuinely has taken care of obligations and has the right to be the place he is today. Then again, he invests a great deal of energy

Decentralization and Devolution of Political Power

The first occasion when I took a school position test was in December of 2015 at Bristol Community College. The test eventually figures out where understudies place in explicit courses, for example, number juggling, perusing, composing, and polynomial math. Following quite a while of readiness and uneasiness, the weight was on. All through my center school years, I was a solid understudy, consistently on the respect roll. I never had a GPA underneath 3.0. I was savvy, and I knew it. That is, until I got the consequences of my school situation test. Despite the fact that the test was testing, covering those four explicit subjects of perusing, composing, number juggling, and variable based math, I was certain I had passed each part. Amazingly, I passed each part †with the exception of composing. â€Å"Writing! Better believe it right! How could I figure out how to bomb composing, and significantly a point, no less?† I contemplated internally in dismay. Seeing my test outcomes carried tears to my eyes. I genuinely could barely handle it. I had worked too difficult to even consider scoring underneath the 3-point scale. Also, scoring a half-point underneath it. I thought it was preposterous. To exacerbate the situation, a large portion of my cohorts from secondary school additionally stepped through the exam, and incredibly again heard that they all passed, including some who were scarcely passing secondary school English. What a humiliation I thought. How might I have fizzled, and they had breezed through that assessment? I was such a great amount of greater at composing than they were, or if nothing else I thought I was on the grounds that I generally got A’s on my English papers. What did I foul up that caused me to fizzle, or at the end of the day, what did I miss on the test that they got right and I got off-base? Until that time, I adored composing the same amount of as I cherished math. It was one of my qualities. I was acceptable at it, and I delighted in it. In the event that anything, I figured I may bomb polynomial math. How might I have botched composition? I most likely spelled each word effectively, utilized great sentence structure, and even utilized huge words in the best possible setting. How might I have fizzled? This was certainly a debby-killjoy since I generally realized I was a decent essayist thus did every other person. At long last, I got over it and concluded it was not a problem. Without a doubt, I would sit back. In my distinctions secondary school English class, I worked steadily, going with A’s. When I graduated secondary school, I realized I was prepared for school and prepared to vanquish that composing test. All things considered, prepare to have your mind blown. I bombed the test once more, again with just 2.5 of the 3 focuses expected to pass. That time I d id cry, and even went to my consultant, Mr. Sanchez, and asked, â€Å"How would i be able to get A’s in the entirety of my English classes however bomb the composing some portion of the school situation test twice?† He was unable to address my inquiry. Indeed, even my companions and cohorts were confounded. I felt like a disappointment. I had frustrated my family and truly let myself down. To top it all off, I despite everything couldn't make sense of what I was fouling up. I chose to stop making a decent attempt. Obviously †I let myself know †the individuals evaluating the tests didn't have even an inkling about what comprised great composing was. I kept on exceeding expectations in class and breeze through the assessment on the third attempt. Be that as it may, I never again felt a similar love of perusing and composing. This experience indicated me exactly how distinctively my composing could be decided by different perusers. Clearly, all my English instructors and numerous others delighted in or if nothing else valued my composition. A sonnet I composed was distributed online once. I more likely than not been a really decent author. Sadly, the graders for the school situation test didn't feel the equivalent, and when understudies bomb the test, the province of Massachusetts didn't offer any clarification. After I bombed the test the first occasion when, I started to abhor composing, and I began to question myself. I questioned my capacity and the thoughts I expounded on. Bombing the subsequent time compounded the situation, so maybe to shield myself from my questions, I quit paying attention to English. Maybe due to that absence of reality, I earned a D in the English 101 class at Bristol Community College, and had to retake it when I moved to Dean College. I wish I knew why I bombed that test, sin ce then I may have composed what was normal on the subsequent attempt, kept up my eagerness for composing, and kept on progressing admirably. Of course, this has allowed me the chance to demonstrate to everybody what sort of author I am.

Narrative Essay Help - What To Look For When Looking For Narrative Essay Help

Narrative Essay Help - What To Look For When Looking For Narrative Essay HelpDo you need narrative essay help? If so, you've probably come across the term 'narrative' somewhere along the way.Narrative essays are used to educate students about a specific topic. Some examples of these would be 'narratives of Color and Globalization'Narratives of Jesus' Teaching.' The purpose of a narrative essay is to inform students about a specific subject and create a coherent story for the student to follow. What should you do if you're stuck with a generic idea and have a story idea but no clear direction?First, I want to say that we're going to discuss how to write an informational essay here. Informational essays take a different form than a narrative, and the one you should be most familiar with. Informational essays will typically involve stories that address real-world issues, but they are still very similar to narrative essays in their format.Do you know what you want to write? - You should always have a clear idea of what you want to write before you start writing. While this is true, you don't want to think about everything at once. Instead, keep the big picture in mind and work on that one at a time.Organize Your Thoughts - Sometimes a more organized writing format is necessary. All of your thoughts and ideas should be contained within one body of text and should flow smoothly from one paragraph to the next. When writing informational essays, it's often best to make sure your thoughts flow in a linear fashion.Don't Forget the Notes - Don't forget to include notes wherever appropriate. Even if you're a bad writer, you can still get some points across by including some information about the topic at hand, such as a quote or a map. Also, use notes to validate your ideas as you go along.Do You Have a Point to Make? - Be certain that there is an underlying point you want to make to the reader before you begin writing.Then use those same points in your narrative essay, so your reader knows why they should care about your topic. By using all of these tips, you'll be able to easily write a narrative essay that is easy to read and remember.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Innovation - Essay Example From only 60,000 clients in the year 2007 to more than 200million clients in the year 2014 what are the purposes behind this huge development? How has twitter changed how we convey? One of the principle reasons that have impacted the development of twitter is the free media inclusion that the organization gets. For all intents and purposes all news sources and different other informal communication stages notice twitter. The quantity of remarkable guests twitter has each month has additionally demonstrated this. The organization additionally goes through a great deal of cash showcasing their image and this has made twitter one of the greatest social stages on the planet. Twitter likewise has the endorsement of numerous large enterprises. Twitter is the favored online life stage for a large portion of the fortune 500 organizations. These huge organizations use twitter as a method of associating with their clients. With the huge organizations starting the precedent, littler organizations have likewise begun utilizing twitter as their favored web based life stage. Twitter has additionally been positioned as the no. 1 social brand. Twitter was positioned at position one while Facebook was positioned at number four. The organization has put away a great deal of cash to make twitter a social brand and this has begun to pay off as twitter has developed to get one of the biggest web-based social networking foundation of the 21st century. Twitter has changed the manner in which the world imparts. Today, Twitter has gotten something other than a web based life stage as it is utilized to share data (Anderson 48). Individuals get breaking news from twitter and can examine about for all intents and purposes anything utilizing the well known hash tag. Twitter has additionally had the option to expel the superstar channel. It is currently conceivable to become acquainted with what your preferred big name is doing and find them. Twitter has likewise had the option to rearrange the discussion. Utilizing only 140 characters, individuals can express their real thoughts without offering an explanation to anybody (Wright 99).

McDonalds Affect on the Obesity of Latin America - Free Essay Example

Abstract Multinational companies, such as Nestle and McDonalds, are having effects that can be seen around the world. These companies are selling their sugar-filled products, affecting the health of countries as a whole, especially in Latin American countries. McDonalds is negatively affecting the people of countries throughout Latin America, which are experiencing a rise in obesity, since these countries economies cannot account for the healthier foods in the US, so the lesser people rely on the fast food companies to feed themselves. Latin America has many health issues, involving multinational food companies, which is leading to a rise in obesity and health-related diseases throughout all of Latin America. Latin America has the worst obesity issue in all economically developing countries, while the US has been passed as the country with the greatest overweight percentages by Mexico, with other Latin American countries following closely behind. In turn, more Latin American people are facing premature deaths based on obesity issues, while related diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, are also on the rise. Health organizations and communities are trying to solve obesity issues now, called a rich-world disease, as it has become more serious than other diseases such as fevers of Aids (Latin Americas Weight Problem). Latin America is slowly becoming the region leading the world in cases of obesity and other diseases. If Latin America does not do something about this soon, then they will have more and more deaths in their region. Studies reveal that too much sugar in junk foods is the cause of many health-related problems. The University of California in San Francisco found that if 10% of the consumption of sugar was reduced in the US, then over 240,000 cases of diabetes would be avoided, while also stopping other deaths by health issues. The food industry of the United States has successfully prevented labels for food with genetically modified foods and so one can assume other enforcements on their products would have a similar reaction (Latin America Leads the Fight against Junk Food with the US on the Sidelines). The studies found that if a little amount of sugar was removed from junk foods, there would be thousands of less cases of health-related diseases in the United States and Latin America. This can be used to show how big of an effect there would be if junk food laws and restrictions were slightly reduced. Rising incomes and consumption of fat have been shown to have direct correlations. Multinational food companies are now gearing their marketing towards these areas, simply because of the rise in incomes, using marketing and distribution tactics to further market and sell their products in Latin America (Latin Americas Weight Problem). Since Latin American countries have mostly lower incomes than that of the United States, multinational companies are now targeting them as their incomes are rising. This is due to the fact that fast food is cheaper than healthy foods and Latin Americans do not want to enter poverty again, so they are trying to buy cheaper options, whether they are healthy or not. This issue of obesity levels in Latin America not only has health, but also has its own economic consequences. Chile and Mexico have the highest rates of processed food consumption than anywhere else in Latin America. About 33% of children and 70% of adults are overweight in Latin America, which is about equal to rates in the US. Now these countries have to pay lots of money for health issues, which is costing the government as part of their public health programs (Latin Americas Weight Problem). Since many Latin Americans are becoming obese, the government has to pay for public healthcare for the obese people, which is resulting in a big debt for the country, as more and more people need healthcare as the government loses more and more money. As Latin America is a country rising in economic status, while more and more people have higher incomes, processed food companies are targeting the people of Latin America, who can now afford much more. Processed food companies see Latin America as a major market for processed food sales, now that other foods are being reduced in their sales, according to Jean-Claude Mourbarac, an expert in nutritional fields. The processed food markets are rising because of people moving to cities, increased annual incomes, and growth in cities (Ultra-Processed Foods Are Driving the Obesity Epidemic in Latin America Says New PAHO/WHO Report). Other companies are stopping sales in their products, since they simply were not selling before in Latin America, which gives multinational processed food companies the opportunity to sell their cheaper junk food products, as more people move to urban developments. The report claims that processed foods and drinks in Latin America are impacting their obesity ra tes. The sales of these products per capita has generally increased over the last decade, while sales in North America have gone down. Over this same time period, the body weight of the population increased, which shows that the growing rates of processed food sales and obesity rates are correlated (Ultra-Processed Foods Are Driving the Obesity Epidemic in Latin America Says New PAHO/WHO Report). The report showed that the processed food companies are directly affecting the obesity of Latin Americans. They have had a steady increase in sales throughout Latin America over the last decade, in both sales and obesity rates. Obesity rates are directly in proportion to sales of processed foods, showing how the two are directly correlated. This effect can be seen in Chile and Mexico. In Mexico and Chile, where processed food sales were highest in Latin America, the body mass of the population increased. In countries such as Bolivia and Peru, where the sales were phenomenally lower, the body mass was lower as well. However, both body mass and sales of these foods have increased throughout all of Latin America as a whole (Ultra-Processed Foods Are Driving the Obesity Epidemic in Latin America Says New PAHO/WHO Report). In those two countries, the highest body masses throughout all of Latin America were found there. In other countries where the sales were lower, obesity rates were lower, which shows how the two are correlated and how junk food can be directly associated with an increase in obesity rates. Multinational food companies fight with government officials, saying that their junk food is necessary for the poor to get their dietary needs. They emphasize how they play the role of investors, employers, and they contribute to economic growth. They, however, do not want to have legal challenges against certain laws regarding junk food, because it will make them look like poor citizens as a corporation (Junk Food Feels the Heat in Latin America). In order to make sure that their products are still allowed to be sold, the multinational companies are fighting to make sure that their junk foods can still be sold, which in turn is increasing the rate of obesity throughout all of Latin America. McDonalds has a big presence throughout Latin America, while it is a multinational company, and this may be contributing to obesity in Latin America. Nestle is part of a transformation in the food system, bringing packaged food and soft drinks to the poverty stricken and smaller parts of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Multinational companies are spreading in developing countries, bringing new, unhealthy diets from Brazil to India (How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food). Multinational companies, such as Nestle and McDonalds, are spreading chains throughout countries where poverty is seen, but also a rising economy, so that they can benefit off of the uprising economy. They bring products that are cheap and easily available, so that they might be able to sell their products to those both in poverty and out of poverty in areas where the economy is rising. Diets in Latin America have recently changed due to changes in the food system the Latin American people have gone from eating farm and barely processed foods, to eating nothing but at processed and retail and food services, or fast food chains and restaurants (Obesity and the Food System Transformation in Latin America). With this coming change from healthy options to junk foods, multinational companies, such as the likes of McDonalds, are able to thrive in areas like Latin America, who are switching from a very cultural diet to one consisting mainly of fast food and cheaper options, for areas with poverty and rising economies. McDonalds created the chain Arcos Dorados as a Latin American Company, slowly becoming their biggest franchise ever. They now manage approximately 2,119 franchise restaurants, 335 McCafe restaurants, and 2,526 pastry stores in about 20 countries in South America. McDonalds started sales in Mexico in 1985 and it now has 500 restaurants in over 87 of their cit ies. Arcos Dorados was made to benefit off of the economy of Latin America. It provides food for areas where money is a privilege and it creates cheaper opportunities for those wishing to save the little money they have. However, this option is much unhealthier, which is in correlation to the rising rates of obesity in Latin America. According to the chart given, it shows that Arcos Dorados, Spanish for the Golden Arches, a McDonalds affiliate, has around 1,777 stores as of 2012, with a revenue of $4.4 billion dollars. This is revenue is a 24.7% increase in revenue from the previous year (Why Im Buying the McDonalds of Latin America). The graph shows that since Arcos Dorados is expanding, it is becoming readily available for those living throughout Latin America. This creates cheaper options for poverty-stricken areas, and an easier way to acquire food in Latin America. However, this is leading to an increase in obesity rates, and some believe that McDonalds is causing a rise in obesity of both children and adults. For example, he chief executive of Arcos Dorados, Woods Staton, fights against the argument that McDonalds uses their toys and play ares to get children to start their eating habits, slowly becoming obese. He says that Arcos Dorados has healthy options, with all extra salt, sugar, and fat within guidelines of the universal dietary laws (Junk Food Feels the Heat in Latin America). Many people in Latin America argue that McDonalds is luring their children into their restaurants, hoping to give them something very unhealthy so that their children might have health issues later in life. This correlation can be seen between the amount of sales of Arcos Dorados and the rate of obesity in Latin America. People throughout Latin America have personal stories about how they have been affected by McDonalds, relating to health issues and obesity, sometimes even leading to unconscious eating habits. The mother of the child from Brazil was happy when her son gained weight, shortly after he experienced his first french fry from McDonalds. She thought that it was a good thing for toddlers to become fatter. She gave in to his dietary habits, consisting of fast food and little fruits or vegetables (How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food). The mother believed that McDonalds was helping her son grow, so that he could pack some weight on as a young baby. However, this was not just baby fat; her son was becoming overweight at a young age. This sort of effect can be seen all over Latin America, as over 30% of children in Latin America are obese. A mother states that when her son was young, he would not eat unless she gave him unhealthy processed foods by Nestle. The mother has high blood pressure and other health related issues, while her 17-year old daughter weighs over 250 pounds, and has many health related issues including a hormone disorder linked to obesity Other relatives have issues related to health: her mother, two sisters, and her husband. Her father also died from a health related issue originating from diabetes and other issues (How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food). Another mother started to raise her son on unhealthy foods by Nestle, a multinational company which also uses processed foods much like McDonalds. The majority of her family suffered from health issues, which can all be traced back to their eating habits, which can be seen in Latin America through the case of Arcos Dorados. Although obesity rates throughout Latin America are rising, health organizations and schools are finding new ways to fight against this obesity. Latin American countries are now incorporating new rules and laws in relation to reducing obesity in the population and preventing the chances of childhood obesity cases, by taxing sugary drinks, including more activity around the countries, and labeling packages with nutritional information on the front [Findings on Obesity Discussed by L. Cominato and Co-Researchers (Obesity Prevention: Strategies and Challenges in Latin America)]. Countries are finding new ways to stop the obesity by making new rules and regulations regarding sugary drinks, so that unhealthy food items like those sold at McDonalds might not be bought as often, in an effort to end obesity. For example, Chile is enforcing a new system that will force food makers to put warning labels on food products if these products are high in certain health-related fields, such as sugar, salt, etc. They are also banning advertisements of unhealthy products geared towards children. Marion Nestle from New York University says this is a great idea and it is the first idea of its kind (Latin America Leads the Fight Against Junk Food With the US on the Sidelines). Chiles new rules will prevent certain companies from not labeling there items, when they previously could, so buyers will now know what is contained in the food products they are eating. This effort could bring an end to most of the sales of processed and unhealthy foods, decreasing health issues throughout Chile, and someday all of Latin America. Regulations in Latin America are making it the worlds most popular place to experiment new regulations to stop consumers from buying processed foods.Last year, Mexico passed a tax of one peso for every liter of soft drinks sold, in an effort to fight the countrys obesity rates. Other Latin American countries regulated and banned McDonalds from selling their meals to children through the use of a childs toy. Peru, Costa Rica, and Uruguay have banned unhealthy foods from being possessed in high schools since 2012, while other countries, such as Ecuador, use a food labeling system to stop consumers from buying unhealthy products. Latin America is now being used to test new regulations, since there are already so many obese and health related issues there. Mexicos tax is only the beginning of an era of taxes on unhealthy foods to urge customers not to buy unhealthy items that companies might offer. To prevent McDonalds from targeting their unhealthy meals at children, they have banned their toys and processed foods in high schools in an effort to cut the rate of health problems in Latin America. A study in Brazil is being undertaken to find how Latin American countries can find ways to reduce obesity levels. The studys purpose is to decrease the average weight of a population within Latin American countries, while also demanding action be taken by the government of those countries [Findings on Obesity Discussed by L. Cominato and Co-Researchers (Obesity Prevention: Strategies and Challenges in Latin America)]. Brazil is studying new ways to reduce levels of obesity, which may eventually be used to end the sales of unhealthy products, but also to tell customers to buy the healthier options, decreasing the average weight in Latin America. A major political front was established when the government of certain Latin American countries were aiming to enforce limitations to stop disease and obesity from spreading. The regulations included advertisements that alert customers about certain unhealthy factors in processed foods, hoping to stop companies from aiming commercials selling sugary drinks and unhealthy foods to children and other adults (How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food). These new regulations and laws that are demanded by many are bringing along a new battle of politics, as candidates for political positions aim to either bring about new regulations or stop them from being passed, as part of their campaign. The regulations that are wanted by many would prevent certain group s from being targeted by unhealthy product advertisements, hoping to end the health problems of Latin America, through the field of politics. In conclusion, the obesity rate in Latin America is on a major incline and if we do not try to fix it sooner rather than later, it will continue to rise until it is too late. This is because McDonalds is very successful in Latin America and has had a recent rise in Latin America, growing in number recently. Therefore, by trying new healthier options and creating new franchises to combat against multinational organizations like McDonalds, Latin America can combat obesity and other health related diseases. Works Cited Latin Americas Weight Problem. LatAm Investor, 18 Jan. 2015, latam-investor.com/2015/01/latin-americas-weight-problem/#. Argersinger, Matthew. Why Im Buying the McDonalds of Latin America. The Motley Fool, 13 Feb. 2012, www.fool.com/investing/international/2012/02/13/why-im-buying-the-mcdonalds-of-latin-america.aspx. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018. Blinch, Russ. Latin America Leads the Fight against Junk Food with the US on the Sidelines. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 17 Feb. 2014, www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/food-blog/latin-america-junk-food-us-sugar-tax-obesity. Findings on Obesity Discussed by L. Cominato and Co-Researchers (Obesity Prevention: Strategies and Challenges in Latin America). Obesity, Fitness Wellness Week, 16 June 2018, p. 1192. General OneFile, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A542027383/GPS?u=jeff53810sid=GPSxid=39719a3c. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. Guthrie, Amy. Junk Food Feels the Heat in Latin America. The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones Company, 27 Dec. 2013, www.wsj.com/articles/junk-food-feels-the-heat-in-latin-america-1388177446. Jacobs, Andrew, and Matt Richtel. How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food. The New York Times, The New York Times, 16 Sept. 2017, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/16/health/brazil-obesity-nestle.html./ Popkin, B. M., and T. Reardon. Obesity and the Food System Transformation in Latin America. Obesity Reviews, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 24 Apr. 2018, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/obr.12694. Ultra-Processed Foods Are Driving the Obesity Epidemic in Latin America, Says New PAHO/WHO Report. Targeted News Service, 3 Sept. 2015. Infotrac Newsstand, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A427545073/GPS?u=jeff53810sid=GPSxid=26a84b52. Accessed 22 Oct. 2018.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Human Metabolome - Free Essay Example

The negative effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity and performance in cognitive tasks have been studied for generations. However, loss of sleep also has a significant impact on the manifestation of various diseases and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular disease. This is why for this assignment I have picked a paper that focuses on the effect of acute sleep deprivation on metabolomic profiles of patients (Davies et. al. 2014). The study used untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography (LC)/MS metabolomics to examine the effect of acute sleep deprivation on plasma metabolite rhythms. Characterization of plasma metabolites has revealed that lipid and acylcarnitine levels were significantly increased during acute sleep deprivation. Overall, 27 metabolites (tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, 8 acylcarnitines, 13 glycerophospholipids, and 3 sphingolipids) were increased after 24 hours of wakefulness. The levels of all metabolites changed during the 24 h wake/sleep cycle and clear daily rhythms were observed in most cases. Moreover, these rhythms were less apparent after 24 hours of wakefulness, which speaks to the significance of sleep for metabolic processes. The significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that this is the first study focused on characterization of the 24 h rhythms of metabolic processes during the wake/sleep cycle and the changes occuring during the wakefulness period. There have been previous studies which used transcriptomic data to show that rhythmic gene expression may be affected by sleep deprivation or sleep restriction. However, metabolic profiling studies are best used for the purpose of characterising changes in specific molecular phenotypes associated with sleep deprivation (rather than inferring the changes in the metabolome from the transcriptome). Participants For the purpose of this study, twelve healthy young males were selected and monitored in carefully controlled laboratory conditions. The controlled variables included environmental light, sleep, meals, and posture during a 24-h wake/sleep cycle, followed by 24 h of wakefulness. Method The present study uses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to ascertain the concentrations of plasma metabolites and link the changes in these concentration to the wake/sleep cycle rhythms. As suggested in the name, LC-MS combines the physical separation of molecules using liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). The coupling of the two technologies provides higher accuracy in identification of structural identity of the individual components with high molecular specificity and detection sensitivity. In the first step (liquid chromatography) solubilized compounds are passed through a column packed with a stationary phase. The needed molecules in the mobile phase (which have the affinity for the stationary phase) get stuck on the solid stationary phase, while other molecules pass through the column freely. This effectively separates out the needed compounds based on their weight and affinity. LC is usually used the separate large non-volatile molecules such as proteins. However, the accuracy of this separation is not high enough for some purposes (for example for identifying isomers). This is where the next step, mass spectrometry, comes in. The sample passes into the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. In simple terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses of molecules within a sample. Mass spectrometry allows to provide structural identity the the individual components of the product that has already been filtered using LC. There is also a modification of LC, which is called HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The idea behind this method is using a higher pressure ranging from 50-350 bar to separate out the molecules. Findings An unexpected result of this study is that in comparison with the number of ions and metabolites showing time-of-day rhythms (basically significant changes in expression of these metabolites during the day), fewer ions/metabolites were significantly changed when comparing the normal wake/sleep cycle to the 24 h during sleep deprivation (only 27 metabolites out of 171 were significantly different between the sleep and sleep-deprivation periods). All of these metabolites were increased during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment, so it is possible that sleep has an inhibitory effect on synthesis of these metabolites. One of the metabolites which has shown increased levels after a 24 h wakefulness period is serotonin. This is an important finding because serotonin is known to be involved in both sleep cycle regulation and depression. Low levels of serotonin and reduced serotonergic neurotransmission are strongly associated with major depressive disorder, so if sleep deprivation over a short period of time (24 h) has shown to increase serotonin levels, this might provide a new avenue of clinical research. The amino acid tryptophan, which is vital for the formation of serotonin and melatonin, has shown significantly increased levels during acute sleep deprivation. This is in line with previous studies, which have indicated that tryptophan is an effective cure for major depressive disorder. It may be possible that the antidepressive effect of acute sleep deprivation is linked to the increased circulating levels of tryptophan, serotonin, taurine, and melatonin, and this subject deserves further investigation. Limitations The protocol described in the study allows identification of only metabolites that show increase or decrease in levels after a short period of time (less than 24 h) and do not show the changes in levels which occur over longer periods of sleep deprivation (longer than 24 h) or during repeated sleep deprivation (chronic partial sleep deprivation). Future applications Sleep deprivation has been previously shown to have an antidepressant effect. In line with this, the authors observed increased levels if serotonin, tryptophan and taurine after 24 hours of wakefulness. Therefore, the results of this study may have potential application in diagnostics and treatment of major depressive disorder, and perhaps even a series of related conditions, such as depressive disorders (seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, postpartum depression). In general, the metabolomics approach presented in the paper is a step toward understanding the metabolic pathways involved in regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Determination of the impact of factors such as sleep on the metabolome could lead to future metabolic profiling-based studies aimed at identification of biomarkers of disease and drug effects. Conclusion The study has presented a n implementation of a method for identification of plasma metabolites that were significantly altered during acute sleep deprivation. It has been shown that 27 metabolites (mainly lipids and acylcarnitines, serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine) were increased during sleep deprivation. This study has provided me with some insight into why I might be able to not sleep for short periods of time, such as a 24h period investigated in the study. I myself do not know anyone who tried treatment of major depressive disorder using sleep deprivation, and the fact the people I do know that have it have told me that during the acute phase of MDD they tend to fall asleep for long periods of time and in generally sleep no less than 12 hours. It may be possible that this is in fact directly link to the cause for their disorder, and it is possible that the method suggested in this paper would help them.

STEM Majors How to Choose the Right Degree

STEM refers to a broad group of academic subjects focused on the sciences, technological fields, engineering disciplines, and mathematics. In higher education, youll find hundreds if not thousands of options for studying a STEM discipline. Degree possibilities include certificate programs, two-year associate degrees, four-year bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctoral degrees. Career possibilities range from technicians to actual rocket scientists, and employment opportunities are likewise diverse: government agencies, large corporations, non-profits, self-employed entrepreneurs, Silicon Valley start-ups, educational institutions, and more. Science Majors and Degrees Students who study the sciences will typically earn a bachelor of science (BS), masters, or doctoral degrees. You may also find colleges that offer a bachelor of arts (BA) degrees in the sciences. A BS will be a more rigorous degree when it comes to coverage of math and science, while a BA degree will often have more breadth in the social sciences and humanities. Youll see BA degrees in the sciences at liberal arts colleges more frequently than at larger research universities. A survey of colleges and universities will reveal hundreds of different options for the sciences, but most fall within a handful of categories: Biological Sciences Biology is one of the most popular undergraduate majors, and biology is often the major of choice for students who want to go on to medical school, dental school, or veterinary school. Biology students learn about living organisms at the chemical and cellular levels up through the study of entire ecosystems. Career options are equally broad and include areas such as pharmaceuticals, environmental protection, agriculture, health care, and forensics. Chemistry Students in biology, geology, and most engineering fields will need to study chemistry, for it is the science that underpins everything having to do with materials and matter. Undergrads will typically study both organic and solid-state chemistry, and they can go on to careers in areas such as sustainable energy, medicine, nanotechnology, and manufacturing. Environmental Science Environmental science is a growth field as our planet comes under threats from pollution, global warming, mass extinctions, and limited resources. It is an interdisciplinary academic field, and students will typically take classes in math, biology, chemistry, geology, ecology, and other academic areas. Environmental science is an excellent choice for students who are interested in applying their analytical skills to large scale problems affecting our world. Geological Sciences Geology students study the earth (and sometimes other planetary bodies), and they will often have a specific track such as geology, geophysics, or geochemistry. Courses can include topics such as mineralogy, petrology, and geophysics. The most lucrative jobs in the geological sciences are often related to energy, both fossil fuel and geothermal. Geology students might work for gas or mining companies, civil engineering firms, national parks, or educational institutions. Physics Physics students study matter and energy, and courses will focus on topics such as electromagnetic radiation, magnetism, sound, mechanics, and electricity. Astronomy is a branch of physics. Mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, and many other STEM fields are grounded in physics. Physicists work with lasers, wave tanks, and nuclear reactors, and careers span educational institutions, the military, the energy sector, the computer industry, and much more. Technology Majors and Degrees Technology is the broadest and arguably most confusing STEM category. Engineers, after all, use and study technology, as do many math and science majors. That said, within educational settings, the term is typically applied to anything related to mechanical, electrical, or computer systems. Technology programs can be two-year, four-year, or certificate programs. Theres a lot of demand for technology majors, and many companies have a difficult time finding employees with the precise technical skills they need. Some of the most popular technology fields are listed below. Computer Science A major in computer science can be part of a two-year, four-year or graduate degree. Coursework is likely to include a lot of math, programming, database management, and computer languages. Good computer scientists enjoy solving problems, and they need to be both logical and creative. The field demands patience for debugging programs and finding solutions to complex problems. Computer scientists work in a wide range of industries outside the realm of technology. Hospitals, financial institutions, and the military all rely on computer scientists. Information Technology Information technology is related to computer science, as both fields require students to learn about computer systems and develop programming skills. Information technology, however, tends to be more directly linked to business applications. A college graduate with an IT degree will help keep operating systems running, support and train colleagues who need to use computer systems, and develop new tools for business needs. IT specialists develop, test, and maintain the computer tools and networks needed to keep a business running. Depending on the college, youll find everything from two-year to doctoral degrees in IT. Web Design and Development Web design is another field related to computer science. Degrees are typically completed at the associate or baccalaureate level. Four-year degrees will often have much more robust systems and programming foundation than two-year degrees. With that greater skill set come greater job opportunities. Web design majors will take classes in HTML and CSS, Javascript, Flash, graphic design, and advertising. Additional work with SQL, PHP, and database management is also common. Nearly all businesses today need web designers, and graduates will also have wide-ranging freelance and self-employment opportunities. Health Technologies Many community colleges and regional public universities offer two-year technology degrees related to health. Popular fields include radiologic technology, health information technology, and medical laboratory technology. These degrees can lead to immediate employment within the healthcare system, but be aware that the highly specialized nature of the fields can limit job mobility and career advancement opportunities. Engineering Majors and Degrees Engineering and technology overlap considerably, but true engineering degrees tend to be rigorous four-year degrees (and graduate degrees) with coursework that spans a range of science, engineering, math, and laboratory classes. Youll also find that four-year graduation rates for engineering programs tend to be lower than for many other majors because of the demands of the coursework and because many programs encourage or require students to get hands-on experience through internships, co-ops, or other work experiences. Like technology and the sciences, there are hundreds of different engineering programs offered across the country, but most draw upon a handful of core subject areas: Aerospace Engineering Within university academic programs, this field is often combined with aeronautical and astronomical engineering. Along with a strong math and physics foundation, students can expect coursework in fluid dynamics, astrodynamics/aerodynamics, propulsion, structural analysis, and advanced materials. The major is an excellent choice if your dream is to be an engineer working for NASA, Boeing, the Air Force, SpaceX, or similar companies and organizations. Chemical Engineering Students in chemical engineering will take classes in math, chemistry, physics, engineering, and biology. Careers in chemical engineering span a wide range of businesses including desalination plants, microbreweries, and companies working to develop sustainable fuels. Civil Engineering Civil engineers tend to work on big projects such as roads, bridges, rail systems, dams, parks, and even the design of entire communities. A civil engineering degree can take different forms with different foci, but students can expect to take courses in computer modeling, mathematics, mechanics, and systems. Electrical Engineering From your computer to your television to the World Wide Web, we all rely on products and technologies that electrical engineers have had a hand in developing. As a major, your coursework will have a significant grounding in physics. Electromagnetism, circuits, communication and control systems, and computer science will all be part of the curriculum. Materials Engineering Materials science and engineering majors often focus on a specific sub-discipline such as plastics, electrical materials, metals, ceramics, or biomaterials. Coursework will include physics and a lot of advanced chemistry. Materials scientists are needed in diverse industries, so professions span everything from computer manufacture to automotive industries to the military. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is one of the older and most popular engineering fields. Along with lots of math and physics, students take courses in mechanics, dynamics, fluids, and design. Nanoengineering and robotics often fall under the umbrella of mechanical engineering, and both are growth fields. Other Engineering Degrees There are many other engineering fields, many of which are interdisciplinary majors that combine an engineering and science curriculum. Popular fields include biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, and petroleum engineering. Math Majors and Degrees Math may seem like a single discipline, but it isnt quite that simple. Math majors have several degree options, usually at the baccalaureate or graduate level: Mathematics A bachelors degree in mathematics will include coursework in subjects such as multi-variable calculus, differential equations, statistics, as well as various courses related to algebra and geometry. Strength in mathematics can lead to a wide range of careers in areas such as education, economics, financial planning, and cryptography. Applied Mathematics Students who major in applied mathematics will take basic courses such as calculus, statistics, and differential equations, but they will also take coursework that connects mathematics to specialized applications within science, social science, or engineering fields. An applied mathematics major might take coursework in the biological sciences, chemistry, economics, political science, mechanical engineering, or physics. Different colleges will have different collaborations between mathematics and other academic fields, so be sure to do your research before choosing a school. Statistics Nearly all math majors will take at least some coursework in statistics, but some colleges offer degree programs devoted to the field. Statistics majors will take core courses in calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, and, of course, statistics. They are also likely to take more specialized courses on topics such as survey sampling, data science, experiment design, game theory, business, big data, or computing. On the job front, statistics is a growth field with many opportunities in business, finance, and technology professions. Women and STEM Historically, STEM fields have been dominated by men, but the climate has begun to change. In addition to increasing numbers of female STEM majors, women seeking to study STEM will find excellent support networks once they arrive on campus. Organizations such as the Women in Engineering Proactive Network provides a support network to help female engineering students graduate, and Million Women Mentors work to mentor women in STEM fields through high school, college, and their careers. Many colleges also have chapters of SWE, the Society of Women Engineers, a group that advocates for the inclusion and success of women in engineering and technology fields. Best Schools for Studying STEM Any recommendation of where you should study a STEM field will depend on your specific interests, career goals, academic credentials, and personal preferences. What type of degree do you want? Can you go anywhere in the country, or are you geographically limited? Do you have to balance your education with a job? For some, an online program, local community college, or regional state university might be the best option. For full-time, four-year degree programs in STEM fields, however, a few schools frequently top the national rankings: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts): MIT is always at or near the top of rankings of the best engineering schools, and it has even been at the top of rankings of the best universities in the world. Its location near downtown Boston, Harvard University, and Boston University is an added bonus.California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, California): Caltech often vies with MIT for the top spot on rankings of the nations best engineering schools. The school is a research powerhouse with its 3 to 1 student-faculty ratio and impressive faculty. Students will have plenty of opportunities to work in the lab with graduate students and faculty members.Cornell University (Ithaca, New York): When it comes to STEM fields, Cornell is arguably the strongest of all of the eight Ivy League schools. The university has an entire quadrangle dedicated to engineering, and over 1,500 students graduate from undergraduate STEM fields every year. Added bonuses include one of th e nations best college towns and beautiful views of Lake Cayuga.Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, Georgia): As a public university option, Georgia Tech is hard to beat for STEM majors. Each year, the university graduates over 2,300 students in engineering programs alone. Undergraduates will find plenty of co-op, internship, and research opportunities. Plus, Georgia Tech students can enjoy the energy and excitement that comes from attending an NCAA Division I university.Stanford University (Stanford, California): With its 5 percent acceptance rate and international reputation, Stanford competes with MIT and the Ivies for the top of the rankings. Stanford is a comprehensive university with wide-ranging strengths, but engineering fields, biological sciences, and computer science are particularly strong. These five schools represent just a few of the best places to major in STEM fields. The United States has many excellent engineering schools. And if youre looking for a smaller school with a largely undergraduate focus, youll want to check out some of the excellent undergraduate engineering colleges, too. These schools all have strengths in science, math, and technology fields as well as engineering.